California Desalination Report With MoreThan A Grain Of Subjectivity Part 2

Can the California people afford the desalination?The PI report notes that one of the main reasons for California\'s \"immature\" Desalination is its lack of affordability.At present, the cost of desalination in California is relatively low than that in tradition.Cost water sources (groundwater and river water) for irrigation and industrial use and water recovery and reuse.As low as $0.5/1 gallons ($160 per acre [AF ).However, such a low numberThe source of costs is very limited (less than 30% of water resources in the state ).For example, although more than 40% of the current water supply in Orange County belongs to this category, the county\'s water institutions have begun to explore seawater desalination, as almost all available freshwater reservoirs currently provide this lowCost of tap waterin and over-drafted.Depart from the Gulf delta and the Colorado River for $1.5 to 1.S. Environmental Protection Agency recently issued quality supervision requirements.According to the 2006 California water fee survey released by Black & Veatch (survey _ business wire) on July 2006.The price of drinking water is $36.39 ($3.24/1 gallons or $1,058/AF ).The survey also showed that the cost of water supply for residents increased by 16.7% since 2003.At the same time, the cost of desalination has been steadily declining over the past 10 years, and the PI report announced that it is too early for most of the projects included in the California Desalination initiative, water is expected to be produced at a cost of $2.6 to $3.($850 to $1,200/AF ).These costs are estimated based on a 30-year asset life and a $0 unit power cost.08/kWh to $0.11/kWh.So if we follow the recommendation in the PI report that \"cost comparisons must be made on a comparable basis,\" then, the cost of producing desalination water will be similar to the total cost of shipping new incremental water supplies to many parts of the state in the future, especially Southern California municipalities and utilities that rely on imported water supplies.The argument used by the PI report is that desalination of seawater and slightly salty water is often more expensive than the production of recycled water and the implementation of water-saving measures.Reuse does not create new sources of drinking waterThey are only reasonable tools to maximize the use of existing water resources.In the case of long-term drought, when available water resources cannot be replenished at their rate of use, active reuse and protection can help but may not fully alleviate the demand for new water resources and water rationing.In other words, if your backyard well is dry, you can\'t solve the home water supply challenge by reusing or saving more well water that you don\'t have.A real-The example of life is the long drought in California\'s early 90 s, which creates a need for rapid emergency response.Through active protection measures, nearly 40% of water consumption has been reduced.The cost of desalination is relatively high ($4.6 to $6.1/1 gallons or $1,500 to $2,000/AF) and available lowCalifornia faces are very different today.The main difference is due to the significant reduction in the cost of seawater and salty water desalination in the past 10 years, and the gradual increase in the cost of water reuse and savings nationwide in the United States.cost/high-Effective water resources recovery and protection measures have been implemented.Water Reuse and protection measures now constitute 5-515% of their water portfolio.Utilities that already have comprehensive water reuse and protection programs will not be able to save 10-15% of the water through the same low costCost reuse and savings measures.Implement the next layer of more advanced equipment and technologyMeasures to achieve intensive reuse and protection of waterAdditional savings target of 20-In some cases, the price of 25% may be close to the price of dilution.In addition, the cost-effectiveness of seawater desalination is beyond the production range of the new water supply.If desalination replaces overusePumped coastal or inland groundwater reservoirs, or are eliminating further pressure on environmental-sensitive estuary and river habitats, the higher cost of such water supply alternatives will also be offset by their environmental benefitsDuring the drought period, traditional water supply may be unreliable, and water scarcity may increase the cost of the original relatively low, which will bring benefits.Will desalination \"break\" California\'s power supply system?water).Table 1 shows energy usage related to various California water supply alternatives.Items and product water supply costs for any alternatives listed.Interestingly, the PI report contains some places where the facts are inaccurate, this shows that the authors have a superficial understanding of the factors affecting the energy demand for seawater desalination and the contribution of electricity expenditure to energy demand, the total cost of water production.Based on the energy use of projects in Israel, the Middle East and Spain, where sea salt is about 20% higher than the Pacific Ocean on the California coast, the report concludes that even with the use of the best available technology, the electricity demand for the production of seawater desalination will also reach 12 KW mAh/1,000 gallons (3,912 AF/AF ).In fact, since the salinity of the Pacific Ocean is lower than the reference position, the energy required to produce the diluted water is between 8.6 and 11 kWh/1,000 gallons (2,800 to 3,600/AF ).The PI reports silence on the excellent efforts of California\'s affordable desalination cooperation (ADC), which recently completed a study to show the status currently availableof-Art seawater desalination technology can reduce the energy use of seawater desalination.ADC is a non-A profit organization consisting of leading companies and public institutions involved in desalination.expert-Reviewing the results of the ADC desalination demonstration facility operating at the US Navy\'s seawater desalination research center in Port Humen Mei for more than a year, California validated the energy consumption values contained in table 1 and noted that inso-In the distant future, the use of electricity produced by seawater can be further reduced (see www.Affordabledesal.com).The PI report contains another inaccurate place that has a significant impact on the feasibility of seawater desalination in California.Without standardizing the data of foreign seawater desalination plants on site --The specific situation in California (labor, construction, equipment costs, etc ).The cost of hot water desalination plants and 60%.In fact, due to the site-The specific difference is that the power cost of California seawater desalination is only 20-30% of the total cost of water production.The PI report came to the wrong conclusion that fluctuations in the international fuel market would have a huge impact on the feasibility of seawater desalination;It also ignores that the increase in energy costs will have the same incremental impact on all water supply alternatives in California.The California Energy Commission, California\'s Water Department (including water and wastewater delivery and treatment) currently has a total of 13,341,000 MW of electricity demand.The total energy required to produce 450 mgd drinking water is 4,950 mWh, only 0.Energy demand in California\'s water sector is now increasing by 037%.California.This assessment also distracts the PI report\'s claim that \"the heavy use of energy at desalination facilities can exacerbate climate change\" and \"can lead to greater reliance on fossil fuels \".It should also be noted that an objective analysis of the use of seawater desalination energy should be taken into account, although the use of energy for the production of desalination water is expected to be further reduced (10-20% due to advances in membrane and energy recovery technologies, total energy demand for conventional water treatment will increase in the next five years (15 to 20%) due to energy demand associated with additional treatment (E.G.or ultra-Filtration, odor oxidation, UV disinfection, etc.drinking water.